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The recovery-management component of a database system can support atomicity and durability by a variety of schemes We rst consider a simple, but extremely inef cient, scheme called the shadow copy scheme This scheme, which is based on making copies of the database, called shadow copies, assumes that only one transaction is active at a time The scheme also assumes that the database is simply a le on disk A pointer called db-pointer is maintained on disk; it points to the current copy of the database In the shadow-copy scheme, a transaction that wants to update the database rst creates a complete copy of the database All updates are done on the new database copy, leaving the original copy, the shadow copy, untouched If at any point the transaction has to be aborted, the system merely deletes the new copy The old copy of the database has not been affected If the transaction completes, it is committed as follows First, the operating system is asked to make sure that all pages of the new copy of the database have been written out to disk (Unix systems use the ush command for this purpose) After the operating system has written all the pages to disk, the database system updates the pointer db-pointer to point to the new copy of the database; the new copy then becomes the current copy of the database The old copy of the database is then deleted Figure 152 depicts the scheme, showing the database state before and after the update

outside (192168112): Normal (Not-Monitored) inside (1001112): Normal (Not-Monitored) outside (192168122): Normal (Not-Monitored) inside (1002112): Normal (Not-Monitored)

old copy of database (to be deleted)

In the preceding example, the primary appliance is active for failover group 1 (ct1 context), and the secondary appliance is active for failover group 2 (ct2 context) Also notice the status of the data interfaces: Not-Monitored Remember that subinterfaces by default are not included in the failover hello process only the native VLAN on the trunk interface You can optionally enable this feature, if needed, however

The McGraw Hill Companies, 2001

Sometimes sales management will need the use of a hybrid bonus and commission plan (see Figure 5-46) An example is the drop-in commission rate This technique uses a bonus formula to reward quota performance, but provides a drop-in commission rate to recognize and reward larger sales territories

15

his chapter will introduce you to the features used to detect and prevent network attacks Some features applicable to this topic have already been discussed in earlier chapters For example, to limit the effect of TCP SYN flood attacks, you can use the TCP Intercept feature discussed in 5 In 10 I discussed how you can limit the number of connections, randomize TCP sequence numbers, and change connection timeouts The additional topics covered in this chapter include the following: The threat detection features of the appliances Software IPS implementation supported by the appliances Miscellaneous network attack prevention features, including TCP normalization, reverse path forwarding, and placing limits on fragments

.

The first part of this chapter will introduce you to the threat detection features of the appliances This includes basic threat detection, which allows you to monitor dropped packet rates and security events; scanning threat detection, which allows you to detect scan attacks; and compiling threat statistics, which allows you to monitor the appliance threat statistics